|
|
|
| Overview on RF Stealth Technology Research |
| WANG Qianzhe① HE Zhaoyang①② SONG Bowen③ LI Huanyu① |
①(Equipment Development and Application Research Department, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China)
②(College of Equipment Management and Safety Project, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China)
③(Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China) |
|
|
|
|
Abstract With the development of airborne equipment and the intercepted receiving technology, the survivability of aircraft in electronic confrontation is seriously threatened. The concept and basic principles of radio frequency stealth, the research status and major contradictions of radio frequency stealth technology are summarized in this paper. Secondly, focusing on the radar RF radiation model as the main line, in power control, waveform design, etc, the RF stealth technology of power control, waveform design and environment utilization in time domain, spatial domain, frequency domain and energy domain is expounded. The important research achievements in the field of RF stealth are summarized. Finally, on the basis of the analysis of existing algorithms and research results, the limitations of RF stealth technology and the uniqueness of evaluation indicators in current research are summarized, and the future research direction of RF stealth is forecasted.
|
|
Received: 13 October 2017
Published: 11 April 2018
|
|
|
| Fund:The National Natural Science Foundation of China (61502523) |
|
Corresponding Authors:
LI Huanyu
E-mail: wbbandyyt@163.com
|
|
|
|
| [1] |
WANG Fei, SELLATHURAI M, LI Huanyu, et al. Mutual information in airborne radar RF stealth[J]. International Journal of Tuberculosis & Lung Disease the Official Journal of the International Union Against Tuberculosis & Lung Disease, 2015, 18(2): 174-179. doi: 10.2495/ICIEE140111.
|
| [2] |
李军政. 飞行器射频隐身技术发展[J]. 现代导航, 2012, 3(3): 209-214.
|
|
LI Junzheng. Development on RF stealth of aircraft[J]. Modern Navigation, 2012, 3(3): 209-214.
|
| [3] |
YANG Hongbing, ZHOU Jianjiang, and WANG Fei. Design and analysis of Costas/PSK RF stealth signal waveform[C]. IEEE CIE International Conference on Radar, 2011: 1247-1250. doi: 10.1109/CIE-Radar.2011.6159782.
|
| [4] |
李寰宇, 查宇飞, 李浩, 等. 联合截获威胁下的雷达射频隐身目标搜索算法[J]. 航空学报, 2015, (6): 1953-1963. doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2014.0363.
|
|
LI Huanyu, ZHA Yufei, LI Hao, et al. Radar search algorithm based on RF stealth in the case of joint intercepted threats[J]. Acta Aeronautica Et Astronautica Sinica, 2015, 36(6): 1953-1963. doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2014.0363.
|
| [5] |
肖志河, 高超, 白杨, 等. 飞行器雷达隐身测试评估技术及发展[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2015, 41(10): 1873-1879. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0220.
|
|
XIAO Zhihe, GAO Chao, BAI Yang, et al. Aircraft radar stealth test and evaluation technology and progress[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015, 41(10): 1873-1879. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015. 0220.
|
| [6] |
ZHANG Zhiyong, XU Manzhang, RUAN Xiongfei, et al. Enhanced radar and infrared compatible stealth properties in hierarchical SnO2 @ZnO Nanostructures[J]. Ceramics International, 2017, 43(3): 1546-1580. doi: 10.1016/j. ceramint.2016.11.034.
|
| [7] |
QI Dong, WANG Xian, CHENG Yongzhi, et al. Design and characterization of one-dimensional photonic crystals based on ZnS/Gefor infrared-visible compatible stealth applications [J]. Optical Materials, 2016, 45(6): 62-69. doi: 10.1016/j. optmat.2016.09.024.
|
| [8] |
李金梁, 涂泽中, 刘振庭. 美第六代战斗机研究进展情况[J]. 电光与控制, 2014, 21(6): 9-12. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671- 637X.2014.06.03.
|
|
LI Jinliang, TU Zezhong, and LIU Zhenting. The research progress of the sixth generation fighter of USAF[J]. Electronics Optics & Control, 2014, 21(6): 9-12. doi: 10.3969/ j.issn.1671-637X.2014.06.03.
|
| [9] |
WANG Fei, SELLATHURAI M, LIU Weigang, et al. Security information factor based airborne radar RF stealth[J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2015, 26(2): 258-266. doi: 10.1109/JSEE.2015.00031.
|
| [10] |
WANG Zhe. Cognitive RF stealth radar using spoiled weighting vector for doppler compensation[C]. IEEE Beijing Section, IET Beijing Local Network, Beijing Jiaotong University, 2016: 435-469. doi: 10.1109/ICSP.2016.7877832.
|
| [11] |
YANG Hongbin, ZHOU Jianjiang, WANG Fei, et al. Characterization parameters of warplane RF stealth and analysis of its affecting factors[J]. Acta Aeronautica Et Astronautica Sinica, 2010, 31(4): 1000-1008.
|
| [12] |
LIU Yongjian, PENG Xiao, WU Hongchao, et al. LPI radar signal detection based on radial integration of Choi-Williams time-frequency image[J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2015, 26(5): 973-981. doi: 10.1109/JSEE.2015. 00106.
|
| [13] |
FARRELL T C and PRESCOTT G. A low probability of intercept signal detection receiver using quadrature mirror filter bank trees[C]. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1996: 1558-1561. doi: 10.1109/ICASSP.1996.544098.
|
| [14] |
SURRE F. Introduction to RF Stealth [Book Review][J]. IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine, 2004, 46(6): 106-107.
|
| [15] |
LIAO Wenwen, CHENG Ting, and HE Zishu. A target tracking algorithm for RF stealth performance optimization of MIMO radar[J]. Acta Aeronautica Et Astronautica Sinica, 2014, 35(4): 1134-1141. doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2013.0368.
|
| [16] |
陈国海. 先进战机多功能相控阵系统综合射频隐身技术[J]. 现代雷达, 2007, 29(12): 1-4. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-7859. 2007.12.001.
|
|
CHEN Guohai. General RF stealth of airborne multifuncational phased array systems[J]. Modern Radar, 2007, 29(12): 1-4. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-7859.2007.12.001.
|
| [17] |
YANG Yuxiao, WANG Fei, ZHOU Jianjiang, et al. RF stealth design method for hopping cycle and hopping interval based on conditional maximum entropy[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, 2015, 37(4): 841-847. doi: 10.11999/JEIT140892.
|
| [18] |
杨宇晓, 周建江, 徐川. 射频隐身数据链功率控制方法研究[J]. 现代雷达, 2013, 35(12): 80-84.
|
|
YANG Yuxiao, ZHOU Jianjiang, and XU Chuan. A study on power control methods for radio frequency stealth datalink[J]. Modern Radar, 2013, 35(12): 80-84.
|
| [19] |
李邱斌, 张贞凯, 田雨波. 基于射频隐身的采样周期和辐射功率控制方法研究[J]. 电讯技术, 2016, 56(4): 430-435. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-893x.2016.04.014.
|
|
LI Qiubin, ZHANG Zhenkai, and TIAN Yubo. Study on sampling period and radiation power control method for radio frequency stealth[J]. Telecommunication Engineering, 2016, 56(4) : 430-435. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-893x.2016.04. 014.
|
| [20] |
张贞凯, 周建江, 田雨波, 等. 基于射频隐身的采样间隔和功率设计[J]. 现代雷达, 2012, 34(4): 19-23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 1004-7859.2012.04.004.
|
|
ZHANG Zhenkai, ZHOU Jianjiang, TIAN Yubo, et al. Design of sampling interval and power based on radio frequency stealth[J]. Modern Radar, 2012, 34(4): 19-23. doi: 10.3969/ j.issn.1004-7859.2012.04.004.
|
| [21] |
SHI Ronghua, ZHU Xuanzi, DONG Jian, et al. A hybrid approach based on PSO and GA for array optimization in MIMO radar[J]. Zhongnan Daxue Xuebao, 2013, 44(11): 4499-4505.
|
| [22] |
宋海方, 吴华, 邬蒙, 等. 雷达干扰射频隐身特性及自适应功率控制方法[J]. 电讯技术, 2012, 52(12): 1934-1939. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-893x.2012.12.014.
|
|
SONG Haifan, WU Hua, WU Meng, et al. RF stealth characteristic of radar jamming and adaptive power control method[J]. Telecommunication Engineering, 2012, 52(12): 1934-1939. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-893x.2012.12.014.
|
| [23] |
GINI F, FARINA A, and GRECO M. Selected list of references on radar signal processing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace & Electronic Systems, 2001, 37(1): 329-359. doi: 10.1109/ 7.913696.
|
| [24] |
WANG R, WANG X, CHENG S, et al. Power control of defensive electronic countermeasures based on radio frequency stealth[J]. Telecommunication Engineering, 2015, 55(1): 19-26. doi: 10.3969 /j.issn.1001-893x.2015.01.004.
|
| [25] |
SONG Haifan, WU Hua, CHENG Siyi, et al. Adaptive control method of AECM power based on radio frequency stealth[J]. Fire Control & Command Control, 2014, 39(6): 118-121.
|
| [26] |
LIU Hongqiang, WEI Xianzhi, LI Fei, et al. The real time control method of radar single radiation power based on RF stealth at the tracking[J]. Chinese Journal of Electronics, 2015, 43(10): 2047-2052. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0372-2112.2015. 10.025.
|
| [27] |
刘宏强, 魏贤智, 黄俊, 等. 雷达单目标跟踪射频隐身控制策略[J]. 空军工程大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 14(4): 32-35. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-3516.2013.04.008.
|
|
LIU Hongqiang, WEI Xianzhi, HUANG Jun, et al. Control strategy of radar stealth for single target tracking[J]. Journal of Air Force Engineering University(Natural Science Edition) 2013, 14(4): 32-35. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-3516.2013.04.008.
|
| [28] |
CAPPS C P and KOHLER J L. Directional antenna[P]. US, US 20060104642 A1. 2006.
|
| [29] |
李寰宇, 柏鹏, 王谦喆. 天线波束对飞机射频隐身性能的影响分析[J]. 现代防御技术, 2012, 40(4): 128-133. doi: 10.3969 /j.issn.1009-086x.2012.04.025.
|
|
LI Huanyu, BAI Peng, and WANG Qianzhe. Influence of antenna beam on radiofrequency stealth[J]. Modern Defence Technology, 2012, 40(4): 128-133. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009- 086x.2012.04.025.
|
| [30] |
WANG Jing, WANG Fei, and ZHOU Jianjiang. Radar target scattering center extraction based on the full-polarization GTD model[C]. IEEE International Joint Conference on Computational Sciences and Optimization, 2009: 882-885. doi: 10.1109/CSO.2009.64.
|
| [31] |
李文兴, 毛晓军, 孙亚秀. 一种新的波束形成零陷展宽算法[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2014, 36(12): 2882-2888. doi: 10.3724/SP.J. 1146.2013.02018.
|
|
LI Wenxin, MAO Xiaojun, and SUN Yaxiu. A new algorithm for null broadening beamforming[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, 2014, 36(12): 2882-2888. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1146.2013.02018.
|
| [32] |
FERRANDO N and FONSECA N J G. Investigations on the efficiency of array fed coherently radiating periodic structure beam dorming networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation, 2011, 59(2): 493-502. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2010. 2096392.
|
| [33] |
DIMOUSIOS T D, MITILINEOS S A, PANAGIOTOU S C, et al. Design of a corner-reflector reactively controlled antenna for maximum directivity and multiple beam forming at 2.4 GHz[J]. 2011, 59(4): 1132-1139. doi: 10.1109/TAP. 2011.2109348.
|
| [34] |
PARIHAR M S, BASU A, and KOUL S K. Efficient spurious rejection and null steering using slot antennas[J]. IEEE Antennas & Wireless Propagation Letters, 2011, 10: 207-210. doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2011.2127437.
|
| [35] |
LI M, DEMPSTER A G, BALAEI A T, et al. Switchable beam steering/null steering algorithm for CW interference mitigation in GPS C/A code receivers[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace & Electronic Systems, 2011, 47(3): 1564-1579. doi: 10.1109/TAES.2011.5937250.
|
| [36] |
张贞凯, 周建江, 汪飞. 基于射频隐身的雷达发射波束形成方法[J]. 雷达科学与技术, 2013, 11(2): 203-208. doi: 10.3969/ j.issn.1672-2337.2013.02.017.
|
|
ZHANG Zhenkai, ZHOU Jianjiang, and WANG Fei. A novel method of radar transmit beamforming based radio frequency stealth[J]. Radar Science & Technology, 2013, 11(2): 203-208. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2013.02.017.
|
| [37] |
WANG F, SELLATHURAI M, LIU W, et al. Security information factor based airborne radar RF stealth[J]. 系统工程与电子技术(英文版), 2015, 26(2): 258-266. doi: 10.1109/ JSEE.2015.00031.
|
| [38] |
YANG Hongbin, ZHOU Jianjiang, WANG Fei, et al. Characterization parameters of warplane RF stealth and analysis of its affecting factors[J]. Acta Aeronautica Et Astronautica Sinica, 2010, 31(4): 1000-1008.
|
| [39] |
冯博宇, 王瑛, 安航, 等. 机载雷达射频隐身性能风险的计算模型[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2013, 35(1): 73-77. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-506X.2013.01.12.
|
|
FENG Boyu, WANG Yin, AN Hang, et al. Computational model of radio frequency risk on stealth performance of airborne radar[J]. Systems Engineering & Electronics, 2013, 35(1): 73-77. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-506X.2013.01.12.
|
| [40] |
谢桂辉, 田茂, 王正海, 等. 射频隐身数据链的通信波形参数优化建模[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2015, 49(4): 116-122. doi: 10.7652/xjtuxb201504019.
|
|
XIE Guihui, TIAN Mao, WANG Zhenghai, et al. An optimization model for communication waveform parameters of radio frequency dtealth datalink[J]. Journal of Xian Jiaotong University, 2015, 49(4): 116-122. doi: 10.7652/ xjtuxb201504019.
|
| [41] |
肖永生, 周建江, 黄丽贞, 等. 基于OTR和SHT的射频隐身雷达信号设计[J]. 航空学报, 2016, 37(6): 1931-1939. doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2016.0058.
|
|
XIAO Yongsheng, ZHOU Jianjiang, HUANG Lizhen, et al. Radio frequency stealth radar signal design based on OTR and SHT[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2016, 37(6): 1931-1939. doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2016.0058.
|
| [42] |
WANG W Q. Moving-target tracking by cognitive RF stealth radar using frequency diverse array antenna[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, 2016, 54(7): 3764-3773. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2016.2527057.
|
| [43] |
白迪, 田茂, 陈小莉. 基于自适应多目标优化技术的调制模块设计[J]. 华中科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 44(09): 11-15. doi: 10.13245/j.hust.160903.
|
|
BAI Di, TIAN Mao, and CHEN Xiaoli. Modulation module design with the adaptive multi-objective optimization technique[J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science & Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2016, 44(9): 11-15. doi: 10.13245/j.hust.160903.
|
| [44] |
杨红兵, 周建江, 汪飞, 等. 飞机射频隐身表征参量及其影响因素分析[J]. 航空学报, 2010, 31(4): 1000-1008.
|
|
YANG Hongbing, ZHOU Jianjiang, WANG Fei, et al. Characterization paraeters of warplane RF stealth and analysis of its affecting dactors[J]. Acta Aeronautica Et Astronautica Sinica, 2010, 31(4): 1000-1008.
|
| [45] |
肖永生, 周建江, 黄丽贞, 等. 机载雷达射频隐身的空域不确定性研究与设计[J]. 现代雷达, 2012, 34(8): 11-15. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-7859.2012.08.003.
|
|
XIAO Yongsheng, ZHOU Jianjiang, HUANG Lizhen, et al. Study and design of spatial domain uncertainty of airborne radar RF stealth[J]. Modern Radar, 2012, 34(8): 11-15. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-7859.2012.08.003.
|
| [46] |
杨宇晓, 左瑞芹. 基于混沌序列的射频隐身跳频周期设计方法[J]. 航空兵器, 2016, (5): 34-38. doi: 10.19297/j.cnki. 41-1228/tj.2016.05.007.
|
|
YANG Yuxiao and ZUO Ruiqin. A design method for hopping cycle of RF stealth based on chaotic sequences[J]. Aero Weaponry, 2016, (5): 34-38. doi: 10.19297/j.cnki.41- 1228/tj.2016.05.007.
|
| [47] |
杨宇晓, 汪飞, 周建江, 等. 跳频周期和跳频间隔的最大条件熵射频隐身设计方法[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2015, 37(4): 841-847. doi: 10.11999/JEIT140892.
|
|
YANG Yuxiao, WANG Fei, ZHOU Jianjiang, et al. RF stealth design method for hopping cycle and hopping interval based on conditional maximum entropy[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, 2015, 37(4): 841-847. doi: 10.11999/JEIT140892.
|
| [48] |
梁晓龙, 孙强, 尹忠海, 等. 大规模无人系统集群智能控制方法综述[J]. 计算机应用研究, 2015, 32(1): 11-16. doi: 10.3969 /j.issn.1001-3695.2015.01.003.
|
|
LIANG Xiaolong, SUN Qiang, YIN Zhonghai, et al. Review on large-scale unmanned system swarm intelligence control method[J]. Application Research of Computers, 2015, 32(1): 11-16. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3695.2015.01.003.
|
| [49] |
何杰. 飞机射频隐身性能评估指标研究与软件实现[D]. 南京航空航天大学, 2016.
|
|
HE Jie. Research on aircraft RF stealth performance evaluation indexes and simulation system implementation[D]. Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016.
|
| [50] |
蔡茂鑫, 舒其建, 李勇华, 等. MIMO雷达射频隐身性能的评估[J]. 雷达科学与技术, 2013, 11(3): 267-270. doi: 10.3969/ j.issn.1672-2337.2013.03.008.
|
|
CAI Maoxin, SHU Qijian, LI Yonghua, et al. Evaluation of RF stealth performance of MIMO radar[J]. Radar Science & Technology, 2013, 11(3): 267-270. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-
|
| 23 |
37.2013.03.008.
|
| [51] |
何召阳, 王谦喆, 宋博文, 等. 雷达信号波形域射频隐身性能评估方法[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2017, 39(10): 2234-2238. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-506X.2017.10.12.
|
|
HE Zhaoyang, WANG Qianzhe, SONG Bowen, et al. RF stealth performance evaluation method for radar signal waveform[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2017, 39(10): 2234-2238. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-506X.2017.10.12.
|
| [52] |
何召阳, 王谦喆, 宋博文, 等. 基于模糊评价的雷达射频隐身性能多域联合评估方法[J]. 空军工程大学学报: 自然科学版, 2017, 18(3): 70-76. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-3516.2017.03.007.
|
|
HE Zhaoyang, WANG Qianzhe, SONG Bowen, et al. Multi domain joint fuzzy evaluation method for RF stealth performance of airborne radar system[J]. Journal of Air Force Engineering University(Natural Science Edition), 2017, 18(3): 70-76. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-3516.2017.03.007.
|
|
|
|
