风电场对雷达设备的影响评估与干扰抑制技术研究现状与展望

doi:10.11999/JEIT161004

Abstract
Figure/Table
References (67)
Related Citation (15)

Download: PDF (2223 KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

As a kind of renewable and clean energy, wind energy is widespread concerned by countries around the world. However, it is shown that wind farms have a serious impact on air traffic surveillance radar and weather observation radar. Based on the radar scattering characteristics and micro-motion features of wind turbine, the effect of wind farms on air traffic surveillance radar and weather radar is analyzed systematically from the respects of the influence evaluation and clutter mitigation respectively. This paper gives a comprehensive overview of the influence evaluation methods and clutter mitigation technologies. The key technologies and the problems to be solved are proposed, and the development trend and prospects are also addressed.

Key words： Weather radar Air traffic surveillance radar Wind farms Influence evaluation Interference suppression

Received: 30 September 2016 Published: 11 May 2017

PACS:

TN955

Fund:

The National Natural Science Fund Committee and the Civil Aviation Administration of China Jointly Funded Program (U1533110, U1233109), The National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571442), The Science and Technology Program of Air Traffic Management Bureau of Civil Aviation Administration of China, The Central College Fund Program (3122015D005)

Corresponding Authors: WU Renbiao E-mail: rbwu@cauc.edu.cn

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	HE Weikun
	WU Renbiao
	WANG Xiaoliang
	GUO Shuangshuang
	MA Chenxi

Cite this article:

HE Weikun,WU Renbiao,WANG Xiaoliang等. The Review and Prospect on the Influence Evaluation and Interference Suppression of Wind Farms on the Radar Equipment[J]. JEIT, 2017, 39(7): 1748-1758.

URL:

http://jeit.ie.ac.cn/EN/10.11999/JEIT161004 OR http://jeit.ie.ac.cn/EN/Y2017/V39/I7/1748

[1]	Global Wind Energy Council. Global wind statistics 2016[OL]. http://www.gwec.net/wpcontent/uploads/2015/ 03/GWEC_Global_Wind_2014_Report_LR.pdf, 2016.
[2]	中国可再生能源学会风能专业委员会(CWEA). 2014中国风电发展报告[J]. 风能, 2015(2): 36-49.
	China Wind Energy Association (CWEA). 2014 Chinese wind power development report[J]. Wind Energy, 2015(2): 36-49.
[3]	CARROLL J E, SANDERS F H, and TURNER D. Assessment of the Effects of Wind Turbines on Air Traffic Control Radars[M]. Washington DC: Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications & Information Administration, 2008: 21-67.
[4]	CAA policy and guidelines on wind turbines[OL]. http:// www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/cap764.pdf, 2010-05/2010-12-07.
[5]	SUMMERS E. Operational effects of wind farm developments on ATC procedure for Glasgow Prestwick International Airport[EB/OL]. http://www.bwea.com/pdf/ Operational-Effects-of-Wind-Farm-Developments-on-ATC-Procedures-for-Glasgow-Prestwick-International-Airport.pdf, 2011-01-10.
[6]	VEGA D D L, MATTHEWS J C G, NORIN L, et al. Mitigation techniques to reduce the impact of wind turbines on radar services[J]. Energies, 2015, 6(6): 2859-2873. doi: 10.3390/en6062859.
[7]	RANDHAWA B S and RUDD R. RF measurement assessment of potential wind farm interference to fixed links and scanning telemetry devices[R]. Occam Report 2008-0568, 2009.
[8]	CHRISTOPHER L and WILLIAM W. ASR-11 radar performance assessment over a wind turbine farm[C]. IEEE Radar Conference, Kansas City, MO, USA, 2011: 226-230. doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2011.5960533.
[9]	THEIL A and EWIJK L J. Radar performance degradation due to the presence of wind turbines[C]. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Radar Conference, Boston, MA USA, 2007: 75-80. doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2007.374194.
[10]	GREVING G and MALKOMES M. Weather radar and wind turbines-theoretical and numerical analysis of the shadowing effects and mitigation concepts[C]. Proceedings of the 5th European Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology Conference, Helsinki, Finland, 2008: 1-5.
[11]	GALLARDO H B, PÉREZ M F, and AGUADO E F. Mitigation of wind turbine clutter in C-band weather radars for different rainfall rates[C]. International Radar Conference-Surveillance for a Safer World, Bordeaux, French, 2009: 1-6.
[12]	NORIN L and HAASE G. Doppler Weather Radars and Wind Turbines[M]. Rijeka, Croatia: INTECH Open Access Publisher, 2012: 333-354. doi: 10.5772/39029.
[13]	ISOM B M, PALMER R D, SECREST G S, et al. Detailed observations of wind turbine clutter with scanning weather radars[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2009, 26(5): 894-910. doi: 10.1175/2008JTECHA1136.1.
[14]	SUMMERS E. Operational effects of wind farm developments on ATC procedures for Glasgow Prestwick international airport[OL]. http://www.bwea.com/pdf/ Operational-Effects-of-Wind-Farm-Developments-on-ATC-Procedures-for-Glasgow-Prestwick-International-Airport.pdf, 2001-01-30/2012-02-20.
[15]	Wind turbines and radar-operational experience and mitigation measures[OL]. http://www.bwea.com/pdf/ Wind- Turbines-and-Radar-Operational-Experience-and-Mitigation-Measures.pdf, 2001-12/2011-01-10.
[16]	Renewable UK aviation resources[OL]. http://www.bwea. com/aviation/aviation_resources.html, 2011-01-10.
[17]	QinetiQ. Wind farms impact on aviation radar interests[R]. DTI PUB URN: 03/1294, 2003.
[18]	Mod Air Warfare Centre. The effects of wind turbines on ATC radar[R]. AWC/WAD/72/665, 2005.
[19]	NATS and wind farms[OL]. http://www.nats.co.uk/ environment/wind farms, 2010-12-09.
[20]	Mitigating the effects of wind turbines on NATS En-Route Ltd (NERL) operations[OL]. http://www.nats.co.uk/wp- content/uploads/2010/06/NATSandWindfarmsMitigationPaper.pdf, 2010-12-09.
[21]	Guidelines on how to assess the potential impact of wind turbines on surveillance sensors[OL]. http://www.apere.org/ manager/docnum/doc/doc1289_Guidelines.fiche117.pdf,2010-06-09/2012-09-16.
[22]	Lemmon J J, Carroll J E, Sanders F H, et al. Assessment of effects of wind turbines on ATC radars[R]. NTIA Technical Report TＲ-08-454, 2008.
[23]	Radio Advisory Board of Canada. Canadian Wind Energy Association. Technical information and guidelines on the assessment of the potential impact of wind turbines on radio communication, radar and seism acoustic systems[R]. Radio Advisory Board of Canada and Canadian Wind Energy Association, 2007.
[24]	European and North Atlantic (EUR/NAT) Office of ICAO. European guidance material on managing building restricted areas (2nd Edition)[R]. ICAO EUR DOC 015, 2009.
[25]	王晓亮, 岳森, 吴仁彪, 等. 风电场对民航监视导航影响的三维可视化评估[J]. 信号处理, 2015, 31(10): 1307-1312. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0530.2015.10.013.
	WANG Xiaoliang, YUE Sen, WU Renbiao, et al. 3D visualized assessment for wind farms impact on surveillance and navigation in civil aviation[J]. Journal of Signal Processing, 2015, 31(10): 1307-1312. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003- 0530.2015.10.013.
[26]	OPERA. Statement of the OPERA group on the cohabitation between weather radars and wind turbines[OL]. http://www.knmi.nl/opera/opera3OPERA_2010_14_
	Statement_on_weather_radars_and_wind_turbines.pdf, 2010.
[27]	WMO. Commission for instruments and methods of observation, Fifteenth session WMO-No.1046, World Meteorological Organization[OL]. http://www.wmo.int/ pages/prog/www/CIMO/CIMO15-WMO1064/1064_en.pdf, 2010.
[28]	ANGULO I, VEGA D, CASCÓN I, et al. Impact analysis of wind farms on telecommunication services[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 32: 84-99. doi: 10.1016/ j.rser.2013.12.055.
[29]	VOGT R J, CRUM T D, REED J, et al. Weather radars and wind farms-working together for mutual benefit[C]. The American Wind Energy Association WINDPOWER 2007 conference & Exhibition, Los Angeles, USA, 2007: 1-16.
[30]	VOGT R J, CRUM T D, MAJ J B, et al. A way forward: wind farm-weather radar coexistence[C]. Windpower, Chicago, IL, 2009: 1-9.
[31]	FERGAL D and VEGA D. A methodology for calculating the interference of a wind farm on weather radar[C]. 2009 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2009: 665-667. doi: 10.1109/LAPC.2009. 5352496.
[32]	PINTO J, MATTHEWS J C G, and SARNO G C. Stealth technology for wind turbines[J]. IET Radar Sonar, & Navigation, 2010, 4(1): 126-133. doi: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2009. 0031.
[33]	POUPART G J. Wind farms impact on radar aviation interests[R]. FES W/14/00614/00/REP, QinetiQ: London, UK, 2003.
[34]	MATTHEWS J C G. Stealth solutions to solve the radar wind farm interaction problem[C]. Proceedings of the 2007 Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2007: 101-104. doi: 10.1109/LAPC.2007. 367441.
[35]	PINTO J, MATTHEWS J, and SARNO C. Radar signature reduction of wind turbines through the application of stealth technology[C]. Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Berlin, Germany, 2009: 3886-3890.
[36]	ALVES M A, FOLGUERAS L C, and LUIZA M C. Reduction of the radar cross section of a wind turbine[C]. Proceedings of the Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference, Natal, Brazil, 2011: 551-555.
[37]	KNOTT E F, SHAEFFER J F, and TULEY M T. Radar cross section: Its prediction, measurement and reduction[J]. Dedham Ma Artech House Inc P, 1985: 103-109.
[38]	RASHID L S and BROWN A. Partial treatment of wind turbine blades with radar absorbing materials (RAM) for RCS reduction[C]. In Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Barcelona, Spain, 2010: 1-5.
[39]	Report on advanced mitigating techniques to remove the effects of wind turbines & windfarms on the Raytheon ASR-IO/23SS radars[OL]. http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/ sources/renewables/planning/onshore-wind/aeronautical/page37015.html, 2006-07-17/2011-01-11.
[40]	THIEL A, SCHOUTEN M W, and DEJONG A. Radar and wind turbines: A guide to acceptance criteria[C]. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Radar Conference, Arlington, VA, USA, 2010: 1355-1361. doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2010. 5494405.
[41]	AVEILLANT. Why it works[OL]. http:// www.aveillant.com /why-it-works, 2013-04-23.
[42]	PALMER R D, LE K D, ISOM B, et al. Spatial ltering of wind turbine clutter using adaptive phased array radars[C]. In Proceedings of the 25th Conference on International Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, Phoenix, AZ, USA, 2009: 8B.6.
[43]	YOSHIKAWA E, USHIO T, KAWASAKI Z, et al. MMSE beam forming on fast-scanning phased array weather radar[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2012, 51(5): 3077-3088. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2012.2211607.
[44]	CHEONG B L, ZHANG Y, YU T Y, et al. The atmospheric imaging radar: Simultaneous volumetric observations using a phased array weather radar[J]. Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology, 2013, 30(4): 655-675. doi: 10.1175/ JTECH-D-12-00063.1.
[45]	AN/TPS-77 tactical transportable radar system (TPS-77) [OL]. http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/TPS77, 2011-01-11.
[46]	Radar deals open the way for wind farms[OL]. http:// www.concretecentre. com/news/2011/radar_deals_open_ the_way_for_w.aspx, 2012-01-03.
[47]	HERMAN K. Wind, national defense, and radar make peace[OL]. http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ wind-and-national-defense-make-peace, 2011-11-17/2012-01- 03.
[48]	SERGEY L, HUBBARD O, DING Z, et al. Advanced mitigating techniques to remove the effect of wind turbines and wind farms on primary surveillance radar[C]. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Radar Conference, Rome, Italy, 2008: 1-6. doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2008.4721114.
[49]	PERRY J and CORP S. Wind farm clutter mitigation in air surveillance radar[J]. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 2007, 22(7): 35-40. doi: 10.1109/MAES. 2007.4285990.
[50]	WANG W Q. Detecting and mitigation wind turbine clutter for airspace radar systems[J]. The Scientific World Journal, 2013: 1-8. doi: 10.1155/2013/385182.
[51]	FENG N, TORRES S, and PALMER R. On the mitigation of wind turbine clutter for weather radars using range -Doppler spectral processing[J]. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, 2013, 7(2): 178-190. doi: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2012.0225.
[52]	AARHOLT E and JACKSON C. Wind farm gap filler concept solution[C]. Proceedings of the 2010 European Radar Conference (EuRAD 2010), Paris, 2010: 236-239.
[53]	刘洋. 风机干扰雷达有望解决[N]. 中国能源报, 2011-10- 31(11).
	LIU Yang. The interference of wind turbines will be solved[N]. China Energy News, 2011-10-31(11).
[54]	Raytheon tackles clutter created by wind farms in the UK[OL]. http://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/technology/ pas09/newsroom/news8/index.html, 2009-06-14/2010-12-09.
[55]	NAQVI A and LING H. Signal filtering technique to remove Doppler clutter caused by wind turbines[J]. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2012, 54(6): 1455-1460. doi: 10.1002/mop.26819.
[56]	JING Y, CHAO P, and WANG C J. Wind turbine clutter mitigation in coastal UHF radar[J]. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 2014: 529230. doi: 10.1155/2014/529230.
[57]	BUTLER M M and JOHNSON D A. Feasibility of mitigating the effects of wind farms on primary radar[J]. Alenia Marconi Systems Limited, 2003, 14(5): 34-45.
[58]	吴仁彪, 毛建, 王晓亮, 等. 航管一次雷达抗风电场干扰目标检测方法[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2013, 35(3): 754-758. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1146.2012.00923.
	WU R B, MAO J, WANG X L, et al. Target detection of primary surveillance radar in wind farm clutter[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, 2013, 35(3): 754-758. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1146.2012.00923.
[59]	何炜琨, 窄秋苹, 王晓亮, 等. 扫描模式航管监视雷达风电场杂波检测与抑制[J]. 航空学报, 2015, 37(4): 1316-1326. doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2015.0232.
	HE W K, ZHAI Q P, WANG X L, et al. Wind turbine clutter detection and mitigation in scanning ATC surveillance radar[J]. Journal of Aviation, 2015, 37(4): 1316-1326. doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2015.0232.
[60]	UYSAL F, SELESNICK I, PILLAI U, et al. Dynamic clutter mitigation using sparse optimization[J]. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 2014, 29(7): 37-49. doi: 10.1109/MAES.2014.130137.
[61]	GALLARDO-HERNANDO B, PEREZ-MARTINEZ F, and AGUADO-ENCABO F. Detection and mitigation of wind turbine clutter in C-band meteorological radar[J]. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, 2010, 4(4): 520-527. doi: 10.1049/iet-rsn. 2008.0212.
[62]	KONG F. Wind turbine clutter mitigation for weather radar by means of telemetry[C]. 34th Conference on Radar Meteorology, Williamsburg, VA, 2009: 10.2.
[63]	ZHANG Y and PALMER R. Wind turbine clutter mitigation for weather radar: A feasibility study by means of scaled measurement[C]. 27th Conference on Interactive Information Processing Systems (IIPS), Seattle, WA, 2011: 9.3.
[64]	KONG F, ZHANG Y, and PALMER R. Wind turbine clutter mitigation for weather radar by adaptive spectrum processing [C]. Radar Conference (RADAR), Atlanta, GA, 2012: 0471-0474. doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2012.6212187.
[65]	FENG N, TORRES S, and PALMER R. On the mitigation of wind turbine clutter for weather radars using range -Doppler spectral processing[J]. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, 2013, 7(2): 178-190.
[66]	FRANK U and BRADLEY M I. Mitigation of wind turbine clutter for weather radar by signal separation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2016, 54(5): 2925-2934. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2015.2508380.
[67]	BEAUCHAMP R M and CHANDRASEKAR V. Suppressing wind turbine signatures in weather radar observations[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2017, 55(5): 2546-2562. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2016.2647604.